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據(jù)了解，在50歲之后，一個人的剩余30多年生命中，平均只有約6.87年的時間是既健康又在工作中狀態(tài)。健康工作壽命預(yù)期值在不同群體中存在差異，"一刀切"的政策可能無法有效提升工作壽命。

根據(jù)華中科技大學(xué)的研究，中國50歲勞動者的健康工作預(yù)期值約為6.87年。這意味著在50歲之后的30多年里，平均只有約6.87年的時間是健康且在工作的狀態(tài)。健康工作壽命預(yù)期值還受到性別、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)和地域等因素的影響。

一項新研究指出，健康工作預(yù)期壽命是指從50歲開始，無慢性病診斷且從事有償工作的平均年數(shù)。這項研究建議改進(jìn)"一刀切"的退休政策。

研究表明，健康工作預(yù)期壽命是一個重要的指標(biāo)，用于評估人群的健康狀況和工作能力。研究指出，50歲是個人職業(yè)生涯的中后期，可能面臨與年齡相關(guān)的健康挑戰(zhàn)，從而影響工作能力和生產(chǎn)力。因此，從50歲開始計算勞動壽命有助于全面評估人口的健康狀況，為延長工作壽命提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

該研究基于中國健康與養(yǎng)老追蹤調(diào)查（CHARLS）的數(shù)據(jù)，覆蓋了150個縣級單位、450個村級單位，包括11572名男性（占48.27%）和12403名女性（占51.73%）的樣本。

研究顯示，男性健康工作預(yù)期壽命約為8.06年，女性為5.77年。與女性相比，男性健康工作預(yù)期壽命與工作預(yù)期壽命的差距更大，表明男性在不健康狀態(tài)下工作的年數(shù)更多。同時，女性健康工作預(yù)期壽命與健康工作預(yù)期壽命的差距比男性更大，表明女性在健康但不工作的時間上更長。

按職業(yè)類型分析，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動者的不健康工作預(yù)期壽命是企業(yè)勞動者的兩倍。企業(yè)勞動者的健康非工作預(yù)期壽命是農(nóng)業(yè)勞動者的兩倍。與城市相比，農(nóng)村勞動者停止工作的年齡延遲，遠(yuǎn)超健康問題通常出現(xiàn)的年齡。

從地域來看，東部地區(qū)的50歲勞動者的健康工作預(yù)期壽命最高，達(dá)到30.79年，而西北地區(qū)最低，僅為27.28年。健康工作預(yù)期壽命在不同地域間差異顯著。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，高血壓是導(dǎo)致不健康工作時間最長的主要原因。對于50歲的男性和女性而言，高血壓相關(guān)不健康工作時間分別為5.67年和4.85年。高血壓、血脂異常、糖尿病等慢性病是男性不健康工作時間更長的原因，而關(guān)節(jié)炎、消化系統(tǒng)疾病和心臟問題則與女性不健康工作時間增加相關(guān)性更高。

研究還探討了生活方式與健康工作預(yù)期壽命的關(guān)系。與不吸煙、不常飲酒且定期參加體育活動的人群相比，吸煙、酗酒及不規(guī)律鍛煉的人群健康工作預(yù)期壽命分別減少了1.61年和2.13年。這種差異在不同地域和職業(yè)群體間也有體現(xiàn)。

According to a major report published in November 2022 in *The Lancet* (The Lancet), titled "China's Road to Healthy Aging: findings from Peking University and The Lancet Collaboration," China has entered the era of population aging and the process of further aging will continue to advance rapidly. In 2021, China's population aged 65 and older accounted for 14.2%, which means that the proportion of the elderly population in China doubled in just 21 years. The ratio of elderly persons (65 and older) to working-age adults (20-64 years) is projected to rise from 0.18 in 2019 to 0.55 by 2050, a doubling of the burden.

Aging population has become a global issue. Many countries have attempted to extend working life by delaying the retirement age, in an effort to alleviate the burden of an aging population. According to a paper published in *Science China Life Sciences*, Chinese scientists predict that 2023 to 2029, the age at which people begin receiving pensions in the UK, Germany, and France will be raised to 67. In 2021, the Chinese government published the *"十四五" National Development and Social Security Service Action Plan*, which proposed that the state will implement an incremental approach to delay the formal retirement age in the coming years.

The article points out a significant concern related to raising pensions age: "A major issue associated with raising pensions age is whether working longer, whether formally or informally, is fair or feasible. People may differ in various social demographic characteristics, such as residence, education, and occupation. As they age, these factors will influence their health status and ability to work." the article states.

The article argues that "a one-size-fits-all approach may not be an effective way to extend working life, a realization that policy-makers need to recognize." To achieve social fairness, the article suggests that the rural social security system should be improved, with particular attention paid to the main health status of vulnerable groups in rural areas. Health-promoting plans should also be tailored for these groups. For high-income individuals and employees in urban areas, the article suggests that incremental retirement plans, fair hiring practices, and flexible work arrangements should be implemented to create a favorable work environment.

The article also highlights the importance of comprehensive public health planning to reduce the impact of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and arthritis, on participation in work. Given that different professions face varying risks of chronic diseases, the article suggests that occupational health policies should be tailored to specific groups.

For reference:

1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03184-3

2. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01546-X/fulltext

3. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-02/21/content_5674844.htm

4. https://charls.pku.edu.cn/